• Edward Belongia MD

  • Director Testing Title


    • MCRI - MCRI-Clin Epidem and Pop Hlth
    • 1000 North Oak Ave. ML2 Marshfield, WI 54449

Work Experience

1995 to Present:
Senior Epidemiologist/Director, Epidemiology Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield
1990 to 1995:
Public Health Physician, STD Surveillance and Screening Unit, Minnesota Department of Health, Minneapolis
1988 to 1990:
Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Public Health Service
1986 to 1988:
AIDS Program Physician, Section of Acute and Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Wisconsin Division of Health, Madison
1986 to 1988:
Emergency Department and Flight Physician, University of Wisconsin Hospital, Madison
1985 to 1986:
Emergency Department Physician, Berlin Memorial Hospital, Berlin
1983 to 1985:
Emergency Department Physician, St. Clare Hospital, Monroe

Board Certifications

1985 to Present:
American Board of Internal Medicine

Research Interests

Epidemiology of infectious diseases
Applied public health research for the prevention and control of infectious diseases
Vaccine safety and effectiveness
Antimicrobial resistance
Vaccine Safety Datalink, a CDC-funded collaboration of 8 managed care organizations that conduct research on vaccine safety issues
CDC-funded study to rapidly assess the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine for preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza
Wisconsin Antibiotic Resistance Network (WARN), a CDC-funded demonstration project to educate physicians, patients, and the public on appropriate antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance
Antimicrobial use in agriculture and the potential for transfer of resistance to humans through the food supply
Enterococcus Faecium with resistance to streptogramin antibiotics
Disease occurrence within the Marshfield Clinic system, and identification of disease clusters of public health importance
Lyme disease
Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis
Other zoonotic infections

Select Publications

  • Belongia EA, Davis JP, Vergeront JM, Dowling HM. (1987 May). Prevalence of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus and client characteristics in the Wisconsin Alternate Site Testing and Counseling Program, 1985-1986. Wis Med J. 86(5):23-27.
    PubMed ID: 3647711
  • Belongia EA. (1987). The trauma score as a triage tool (letter). JAMA. 257 :484-485.
  • Belongia EA, McClellan-Tilson B, Golubjatnikov R, Vergeront JM, Davis JP, Wiesen RL. (1988). Human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence and drug-using behavior in Milwaukee intravenous drug abusers. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 1(4):381-385.
    PubMed ID: 3216319
  • Belongia EA, Weiss H, Bowmann M. (1988). Severity and type of head trauma among adult bicycle riders. WMJ. 87(1):11-14.
    PubMed ID: 3344585
  • Belongia EA, Vergeront JM, Davis JP. (1988 October). Border-hopping as a consequence of premarital HIV screening: The Kenosha Diamond (letter). JAMA. 260(13):1883-1884.
    PubMed ID: 3270333
  • Belongia EA. (1988). The FUNCOL program for primary health care, Columbia. Cultural Survival Quarterly. 12(1):19-25.
  • Belongia EA. (1989). Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome and L-tryptophan-containing products: New Mexico, Minnesota, Oregon, and New York. Centers for Disease Control: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 38 :785-788.
  • Belongia EA. (1990). Herpes gladiatorum at a high school wrestling camp: Minnesota. Centers for Disease Control: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 39 :69-71.
  • Belongia EA, MacDonald KL, Osterholm MT, Mayeno AN, Gleich GJ, White KE,...Pirie PL. (1990 August). An investigation of the cause of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with tryptophan use. N Engl J Med. 323(6):357-365.
    PubMed ID: 2370887
  • Belongia EA, MacDonald KL, Osterholm MT, Holtan N, Bowman RJ. (1991 March). Absence of HTLV-1 infection in southeast Asian refugees. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 22(1):135-136.
    PubMed ID: 1948255
  • Belongia EA, Thurn JR, Crossley K. (1991 November). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Minnesota nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 39(11):1105-1109.
    PubMed ID: 1753050
  • Belongia EA, Osterholm MT, Holland EJ, Mahanti RL, Mizener MW, Goodman JL,...Erice A. (1991 September). An outbreak of herpes gladiatorum at a high-school wrestling camp. N Engl J Med. 325(13):906-910.
    PubMed ID: 1652687
  • Belongia EA, MacDonald KL, Osterholm MT, Parham GL, White KE, Korlath JA,...Casale KA. (1991 August). An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 colitis associated with consumption of heat-processed meat patties. J Infect Dis. 164(2):338-343.
    PubMed ID: 1856483
  • Belongia EA, Osterholm MT, Mayeno AN. (1992). The eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome and tryptophan. Annu Rev Nutr. 12 :235-256.
    PubMed ID: 1503805
  • Belongia EA, Mayeno AN, Gleich GJ, Lin F. (1992 December). 3-(Phenylamino)alanine, a novel aniline-derived amino acid associated with the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome: a link to the toxic oil syndrome? Mayo Clin Proc. 67(12):1134-1139.
    PubMed ID: 1469924
  • Belongia EA, Osterholm MT, Holland EJ, Mahanti RL, Mizener MW, Goodman JL, Andres CW. (1992 December). Ocular involvement in an outbreak of herpes gladiatorum. Am J Ophthalmol. 114(6):680-684.
    PubMed ID: 1334374
  • Belongia EA, Mayeno AN, Gleich GJ, Kita H. (1993). Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. In: Makino S, Fukuda T, Eds. Eosinophils: Biological and Clinical Aspects. Boca Raton: CRC Press. :421-438.
  • Belongia EA, MacDonald KL, Osterholm MT, Soler JT, Ammend DA, Braun JE. (1993 February). Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in Minnesota child day care facilities. JAMA. 269(7):883-888.
    PubMed ID: 8426447
  • Belongia EA, MacDonald KL, Moore SJ, Steece RS. (1994 March). Factors associated with the geographic variation of reported chlamydia infection in Minnesota. Sex Transm Dis. 21(2):70-75.
    PubMed ID: 9071415
  • Belongia EA. (1995). Increasing incidence of gonorrhea: Minnesota, 1994. Centers for Disease Control: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 44 :282-286.
  • Belongia EA, Mitchell PD, Reed KD. (1996 August). Laboratory diagnosis of tick-borne diseases in Wisconsin. Wis Med J. 95(8):557-563.
    PubMed ID: 8772416
  • Belongia EA, Gleich GJ. (1996 October). The eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome revisted. J Rheumatol. 23(10):1682-1685.
    PubMed ID: 8895139
  • Belongia EA, Jacobson DM, Vierkant RA. (1997 November). Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: a case-control study of potential risk factors. Arch Ophthalmol. 115(11):1403-1407.
    PubMed ID: 9366670
  • Belongia EA, Mitchell PD, Reed KD, Kolbert CP, Persing DH, Gill JS, Kazmierczak JJ. (1997 June). Prevalence of granulocytic Ehrlichia infection among white-tailed deer in Wisconsin. J Clin Microbiol. 35(6):1465-1468.
    PubMed ID: 9163463
  • Belongia EA, Danila RN, Angamuthu V, Hickman CD, DeBoer JM, MacDonald KL, Osterholm MT. (1997 May). A population-based study of sexually transmitted disease incidence and risk factors in HIV-infected persons. Sex Transm Dis. 24(5):251-256.
    PubMed ID: 9153732
  • Belongia EA, Chyou P, Reed KD. (1997 October). Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (letter). Am J Clin Pathol. 108(4):479-483.
    PubMed ID: 9322603
  • Belongia EA, Mills WA, Martin DL, Bertrand JR. (1998 March). Physicians' practices and opinions regarding prenatal screening for human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted diseases. Sex Transm Dis. 25(3):169-175.
    PubMed ID: 9524996
  • Belongia EA, Schwartz B. (1998 September). Strategies for promoting judicious use of antibiotics by doctors and patients. BMJ. 317(7159):668-671.
    PubMed ID: 9728003
  • Belongia EA, Mayeno AN, Gleich GJ. (1998). Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Encyclopedia of Toxicology. :541-544.
  • Belongia EA, Chyou P, Mitchell PD, Reed KD, Finkel MF, Schreifer ME, Mueller-Rizner NJ. (1999 December). Clinical and epidemiological features of early Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Wisconsin. Clin Infect Dis. 29(6):1472-1477.
    PubMed ID: 10585798
  • Berg RL, Belongia EA, Chyou P, Davis JP, Proctor M, Aharabi-Fard S,...Vandermause MF [including Knobloch MJ.] (2000 August). Antibiotic susceptibility of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Wisconsin,1999. WMJ. 99(5):55-59.
    PubMed ID: 11043072
  • Devries EO, Belongia EA, Chyou P, Perez Perez O. (2001). Risk factors for previous Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in a defined population of rural children. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY. 153 :S174.
  • Belongia EA, Chyou P, Davis JP, Schwartz B, Trepka M. (2001 January). The effect of a community intervention trial on parental knowledge and awareness of antibiotic resistance and appropriate antibiotic use in children. PEDIATRICS. 107(1):e6.
    PubMed ID: 11134470
  • Belongia EA, Mitchell PD, Reed KD, Finkel MF, Mueller-Rizner NJ, Kazmierczak JJ, Vandermause MF. (2001 May). Tickborne infections as a cause of nonspecific febrile illness in Wisconsin. Clin Infect Dis. 32(10):1434-1439.
    PubMed ID: 11317244
  • Belongia EA, Chyou P, Sullivan BJ, Reed KD, Madagame E, Schwartz B. (2001 September). A community intervention trial to promote judicious antibiotic use and reduce penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage in children. PEDIATRICS. 108(3):575-583.
    PubMed ID: 11533321
  • Greenlee RT, Belongia EA, Gale CM, Konitzer KA, Carl WR. (2001). Chronic disease surveillance in the Marshfield Epidemiologic Study Area: a population-based cohort in a comprehensive medical care system. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY. 153(11):S61.
  • Belongia EA, Gale CM, Mitchell PD, Reed KD, Davis JP, Finkel MF,...Vandermause MF. (2001 December). Population-based incidence of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in northwestern Wisconsin, 1997-99. J Infect Dis. 184(11):1470-1474.
    PubMed ID: 11709792
  • Belongia EA, Paskewitz SM, Kazmierczak JJ, Vandermause MF. (2001 January). Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae): abundance and rate of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi in four state parks in Wisconsin. J Med Entomol. 38(1):33-38.
    PubMed ID: 11268688
  • Belongia EA, Gale CM, Ramsey AH, Davis JP. (2002 April). Outcomes of treated human granulocytic ehrlichiosis cases. Emerg Infect Dis. 8(4):398-401.
    PubMed ID: 11971774
  • Belongia EA, Gale CM, Naimi TS, Besser R. (2002 March). Antibiotic use and upper respiratory infections: a survey of knowledge, attitudes and experience in Wisconsin and Minnesota. Prev Med. 34(3):346-352.
    PubMed ID: 11902851
  • Greenlee RT, Belongia EA, Naleway AL, Davis JP, Kazmierczak JJ. (2002 June). Lyme disease incidence in Wisconsin: a comparison of state-reported rates and rates from a population-based cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 155(12):1120-1127.
    PubMed ID: 12048226
  • Belongia EA. (2002 September). Epidemiology and impact of coinfections acquired from <em>Ixodes</em> ticks. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2(4):265-273.
    PubMed ID: 12804168
  • Devries EO, Belongia EA, Chyou P, Borchardt MA. (2003 May). Septic system density and infectious diarrhea in a defined population of children. Environ Health Perspect. 111(5):742-748.
    PubMed ID: 12727604
  • Greenlee RT, Kieke BA, Belongia EA, Naleway AL, Chen RT, Shay DK. (2003 July). Eczematous skin disease and recall of past diagnoses: implications for smallpox vaccination. Ann Intern Med. 139(1):1-7.
    PubMed ID: 12834312
  • Belongia EA, Naleway AL. (2003 April). Smallpox vaccine: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Clin Med Res. 1(2):87-92.
    PubMed ID: 15931293
  • Greenlee RT, Devries EO, Belongia EA, Chyou P, Perez-Perez G, Bibb WF. (2003 September). Diarrhea incidence and farm-related risk factors for Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni antibodies among rural children. J Infect Dis. 187(9):1460-1468.
    PubMed ID: 12717628
  • Belongia EA, Shukla SK, Reed KD, Paskewitz SM, Kazmierczak JJ, Vandermause MF. Importance of primer specificity for PCR detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilaamong Ixodes scapularis ticks from Wisconsin. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 August; 41(8):4006.
    PubMed ID: 12904445
  • Kieke BA, Belongia EA, Hall MC, Gonzales R. (2004 July). Spectrum bias of a rapid antigen detection test for a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in a pediatric population. PEDIATRICS. 114(1):182-186.
    PubMed ID: 15231926
  • Kieke BA, Belongia EA, Davis JP, Lynfield R, Besser R. (2005 January). Demand for prophylaxis after bioterrorism-related anthrax cases, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis. 11(1):42-48.
    PubMed ID: 15705321
  • Kieke BA, Belongia EA, Naleway AL, Casey C, Qutaishat S, Chen RT, Shay DK. (2005 February). Validation of a screening instrument to identify persons for exclusion from smallpox vaccination. Clin Infect Dis. 40(4):620-623.
    PubMed ID: 15712089
  • Kieke BA, Belongia EA, Lynfield R, Besser RE, Kiang KM, Como-Sabetti K. (2005 June). Clinician knowledge and beliefs after statewide program to promote appropriate antimicrobial drug use. Emerg Infect Dis. 11(6):904-911.
    PubMed ID: 15963286
  • Kieke BA, Belongia EA, Davis JP, Janette C, Besser RE, Knobloch MJ. (2005 June). Impact of statewide program to promote appropriate antimicrobial drug use. Emerg Infect Dis. 11(6):912-920.
    PubMed ID: 15963287
  • Belongia EA, Ebert S, Knobloch MJ. (2005 February). The Wisconsin Antibiotic Resistance Network (WARN) Five Years of Improving Antimicrobial Prescribing in Wisconsin. Journal of the Pharmacy Society of Wisconsin..
  • Belongia EA, Reed KD, Swanson SJ, Neitzel D. (2006 October). Coinfections acquired from Ixodes ticks. Clin Microbiol ReV. 19(4):708-727.
    PubMed ID: 17041141
  • Belongia EA. (2006 January). Pneumonia, mortality, and vaccines: piecing together the puzzle. WMJ. 105(1):21-23.
  • Belongia EA, Shay DK, Hambidge SJ, Glanz JM, France EK, McClure D,...DeStefano F. (2006 October). Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in children 6 to 23 months old. JAMA. 296(16):1990-1997.
    PubMed ID: 17062862
  • Kieke BA, Belongia EA, Kieke AL, Borchardt MA, Spencer SK, Smith KE,...Vandermause MF. (2006 November). Use of streptogramin growth promoters in poultry and isolation of streptogramin-resistant enterococcus faecium from humans. J Infect Dis. 194(9):1200-1208.
    PubMed ID: 17041845
  • Donahue JG, Belongia EA, Coleman LA. (2007 December). Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination. N Engl J Med. 357(26):2728; author reply 2730-1.
    PubMed ID: 18160695
  • Greenlee RT, Kieke BA, Belongia EA, Mitchell PD, Vandermause MF, Rahman M. (2007 August). Performance of Directigen flu A+B enzyme immunoassay and direct fluorescent assay for detection of influenza infection during the 2004-2005 season. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 58(4):413-418.
    PubMed ID: 17509800
  • Belongia EA, Bender J, Smith KE, Johnson JR, Sannes MR, Croy C,...Winokur PL. (2007 June). Antimicrobial drug-resistant Escherichia coli from humans and poultry products, Minnesota and Wisconsin, 2002-2004. Emerg Infect Dis. 13(6):838-846.
    PubMed ID: 17553221
  • Vanden Elzen D, Belongia EA, Chyou P, Croft DR, Janette C, Besser RE,...Knobloch MJ. (2007 April). Impact of a child care educational intervention on parent knowledge about appropriate antibiotic use. WMJ. 106(2):78-84.
  • Kieke BA, Belongia EA, Vandermause MF, Rahman M. (2008 October). Performance of Binax NOW Flu A and B and direct fluorescent assay in comparison with a composite of viral culture or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for detection of influenza infection during the 2006 to 2007 season. DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE. 62(2):162-6.
  • Greenlee RT, Kieke BA, Donahue JG, Belongia EA, Shay DK, Bright RA,...Rahman M [including Vandermause MF.] (2008 January). Adamantane-resistant influenza infection during the 2004-05 season. EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 14(1):173-176.
    PubMed ID: 18258102
  • Kieke BA, Belongia EA, Kieke AL, Bender J, Smith K, Johnson JR,...Vandermause MF. (2008 February). Predictors of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in the feces of vegetarians and newly hospitalized adults in Minnesota and Wisconsin. JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 197(3):430-4.
    PubMed ID: 18184093
  • Belongia EA, Shay DK. (2008 August). Influenza vaccine for community-acquired pneumonia. LANCET. 372(9636):352-4.
    PubMed ID: 18675671
  • Belongia EA, Chen R, Hambidge SJ, Glanz JM, France EK, Xu S,...Hohman K. (2008 March). The risk of immune thrombocytopenic purpura following measles-mumps-rubella immunization in children. PEDIATRICS. 121(3):e687-e6.
  • Belongia EA, Miller E, Baggs J, Haber P, Patel M, Izurieta HS,...Parashar UD. (2008 June). Postlicensure monitoring of intussusception after RotaTeq vaccination in the United States, February 1, 2006, to September 25, 2007. PEDIATRICS. 121(6):1206-12.
    PubMed ID: 18519491
  • Meece JK, Kieke BA, Donahue JG, Belongia EA, Coleman LA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),...Vandermause MF [including Irving SA.] (2008 April). Interim within-season estimate of the effectiveness of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine--Marshfield, Wisconsin, 2007-08 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 57(15):393-8.
    PubMed ID: 18418344
  • Donahue JG, Belongia EA, Ellis-Coyle TL, Shay DK, Irving SA. (2009 November). Evaluation of self-reported and registry-based influenza vaccination status in a Wisconsin cohort. VACCINE. 27(47):6546-9.
    PubMed ID: 19729083
  • Kieke BA, Donahue JG, Belongia EA, Naleway AL, Glanz JM, Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. (2009 December). Risk of immune hemolytic anemia in children following immunization. VACCINE. 27(52):7394-7.
    PubMed ID: 19766577
  • Belongia EA, Sorrell MF, Costa J, Gareen IF, Grem JL, Inadomi JM,...Trotter HT. (2009 January). National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: Management of Hepatitis B. Ann Intern Med. 150(2):104-10.
    PubMed ID: 19124811
  • Greenlee RT, Kieke BA, Donahue JG, Belongia EA, Shay DK, Balish A,...Marshfield Influenza Study Group. Effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccines varied substantially with antigenic match from the 2004-2005 season to the 2006-2007 season. [published online ahead of print 2009 January]. J Infect Dis. 199(2):159-67.
    PubMed ID: 19086915
  • Kieke BA, Donahue JG, Berger NR, Belongia EA, Naleway AL, Mccauley JS,...Klein NP. (2009 February). Varicella vaccination and ischemic stroke in children: is there an association? PEDIATRICS. 123(2):e228-34.
    PubMed ID: 19171574
  • Belongia EA, Mangione-Smith R, Knobloch MJ. (2010). Promoting Appropriate Antimicrobial Drug Use in the Outpatient Setting: What Works? In: Weber JT. (Ed.), Antimicrobial Resistance: Beyond the Breakpoint (Vol. 6). (pp. 70-88). Basel, Switzerland: Karger.
  • Kieke BA, Donahue JG, Berger NR, Belongia EA, Mccauley JS, Gargiullo PM, Jumaan AO. (2010 June). Herpes Zoster and Exposure to the Varicella Zoster Virus in an Era of Varicella Vaccination. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. 100(6):1116-22.
    PubMed ID: 20075320
  • Belongia EA, Baggs J, Weintraub E, Lieu TA, Yih WK, Shui IM,...Irving SA. (2010 January). Real-Time Surveillance to Assess Risk of Intussusception and Other Adverse Events After Pentavalent, Bovine-Derived Rotavirus Vaccine. PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL. 29(1):1-5.
    PubMed ID: 19907356
  • Meece JK, Kempf DL, Belongia EA, Coleman LA, Shay DK, Lindstrom S,...Vandermause MF [including Waring SC, Irving SA.] (2010 September). Clinical Characteristics and 30-Day Outcomes for Influenza A 2009 (H1N1), 2008-2009 (H1N1), and 2007-2008 (H3N2) Infections. JAMA. 304(10):1091-8.
    PubMed ID: 20823435
  • Belongia EA. (2011). Toxic Tryptophan? Investigating the Eosinophilia Myalgia Syndrome in Minnesota. In: Dworkin MS (Ed.), Cases in Field Epidemiology: A Global Perspective (pp. 313-36). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning;.
  • Meece JK, Kieke BA, Donahue JG, Belongia EA, Coleman LA, Shay DK,...Vandermause MF [including Irving SA.] (2011 July). Influenza vaccine effectiveness in Wisconsin during the 2007-08 season: Comparison of interim and final results. VACCINE. 29(38):6558-63.
    PubMed ID: 21767593
  • Kempf DL, Donahue JG, Belongia EA, Coleman LA, Bender J, McGraw PJ,...Vandermause MF. (2011 September). Prospective Study of Avian Influenza Infection in Backyard Poultry Flocks and Flock Handlers in Wisconsin. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 11(9):1293-7.
    PubMed ID: 21612537
  • Meece JK, Belongia EA, Coleman LA, Shay DK, Garguillo P, Monto A,...Williams JV. (2011 August). Effectiveness of Non-Adjuvanted Pandemic Influenza A Vaccines for Preventing Pandemic Influenza Acute Respiratory Illness Visits in 4 U.S. Communities. PLoS One. 6(8):e23085.
    PubMed ID: 21857999
  • Belongia EA, Shay DK, Ferdinands JM, Nwasike C. (2011 February). Influenza vaccination status is not associated with influenza testing among children: Implications for observational studies of vaccine effectiveness. Vaccine.. 29(10):1935-40.
    PubMed ID: 21219986
  • Kieke BA, Belongia EA, Coleman LA, Shay DK, Lindstrom S, Irving SA, Vandermause MF. (2011 January). Comparison of influenza vaccine effectiveness using different methods of case detection: Clinician-ordered rapid antigen tests vs. active surveillance and testing with real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). VACCINE. 29(3):387-90.
    PubMed ID: 21095253
  • Belongia EA, Shay DK, Irving SA, Vandermause MF. (2012 November). Comparison of Nasal and Nasopharyngeal Swabs for Influenza Detection in Adults. Clinical Medicine & Research. 10(4):215-8.
    PubMed ID: 22723469
  • Meece JK, Belongia EA, Coleman LA, Shay DK, Griffin MR, Treanor JJ,...Breese Hall C. (2012 October). Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccines in the United States during a season with circulation of all three vaccine strains. CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 55(7):951-9.
    PubMed ID: 22843783
  • Meece JK, Belongia EA, Coleman LA, Shay DK, Griffin MR, Talbot HK,...Rock M. (2012 June). Association between obesity and vulnerability and serologic response to influenza vaccination in older adults. VACCINE. 30(26):3937-43.
    PubMed ID: 22484350
  • Belongia EA, Lee GM, Greene SK, Vellozzi C, Tse A, Tseng H,...Irving SA. (2012 March). Signal identification and evaluation for risk of febrile seizures in children following trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in the Vaccine Safety Datalink Project, 2010-2011. VACCINE. 30(11):2024-2031.
    PubMed ID: 22361304
  • Kieke BA, Donahue JG, Belongia EA, Shay DK, Patel DC, Irving SA, Vandermause MF. (2012 January). Comparison of clinical features and outcomes of medically attended influenza A and influenza B in a defined population over four seasons: 2004-2005 through 2007-2008. Influenza Other Respi Viruses. 6(1):37-43.
    PubMed ID: 21668663
  • Belongia EA, Coleman LA, Shay DK, Waring SC, Irving SA, Vandermause MF. (2012 May). Evaluation of obesity as an independent risk factor for medically attended laboratory-confirmed influenza. Influenza Other Respi Viruses. Epub Ahead of Print
    PubMed ID: 22583620
  • Meece JK, Kieke BA, Belongia EA, Coleman LA, Klimov AI, Dharan N,...Vandermause MF. (2012 May). Clinical and virologic outcomes in patients with oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza A (H1N1) infections: results from a clinical trial. Influenza Other Respi Viruses. 6(3):153-8.
    PubMed ID: 22118629
  • Belongia EA, Osterholm MT, Kelley NS, Sommer A. (2012 January). Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 12(1):36-44.
    PubMed ID: 22032844
  • Meece JK, Kieke BA, Belongia EA, Shay DK, Bateman A, Irving SA. (2013 January). Effectiveness of Monovalent A(H1N1)pdm09 and 2010-11 Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccines in Wisconsin During the 2010-11 Season. JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES. Epub Ahead of Print
    PubMed ID: 23341536
  • Kieke BA, Donahue JG, Mascola MA, Belongia EA, Naleway AL, Glanz J,...Irving SA. (2013 January). Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine and Spontaneous Abortion. OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY. 121(1):159-165.
    PubMed ID: 23262941
  • VanWormer JJ, Sundaram ME, Meece JK, Belongia EA. (2014 May). A cross-sectional analysis of symptom severity in adults with influenza and other acute respiratory illness in the outpatient setting. BMC Infect. Dis.. 14 :231.
    PubMed ID: 24884932
  • Havers FP, Flannery B, Clippard JR, Gaglani M, Zimmerman RK, Jackson LA,...Fry AM [including McLean HQ, Belongia EA.] (2015 February 25). Use of influenza antiviral medications among outpatients at high risk for influenza-associated complications during the 2013-14 influenza season. Clin. Infect. Dis..
    PubMed ID: 25722198
  • Zhou H, Thompson WW, Belongia EA, Fowlkes A, Baxter R, Jacobsen SJ,...Shay DK. Estimated rates of influenza-associated outpatient visits during 2001-2010 in 6 US integrated healthcare delivery organizations. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2018 January 12; 12(1):122-131. doi: 10.1111/irv.12495.
    PubMed ID: 28960732
  • Belongia EA, Knecht JE. Test Book on Website Profile/Publication.. 1st ed.Marshfield Clinic; 2019
  • Belongia EA, Knecht JE. . This one has a chapter In: Test Book to Profiles and Publications on Web. Marshfield Clinic; 2019: pp. 22-32.
  • Belongia EA, Chyou P, Ramsey AH, Davis JP. Appropriateness of Lyme Disease serologic testing. Ann Fam Med. 2019 February; 2(4):341-344.
    PubMed ID: 15335133
  • Berg RL, Belongia EA, Liu K. A randomized clinical trial of zinc nasal spray for treatment of upper respiratory infections in adults. Am J Med. 2019 February; 111(2):103-108.
    PubMed ID: 11498062
  • KnechtJE, Belongia E. August 2023 Both Dates Entered. BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY. 2023 August 3;12:12-15.